| Concrete is not found in nature the way we would find aluminium, nickel or iron. Concrete is formed from combining water, a special cement and rock: | |||||||||
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A common mistake people make is to use the words cement and concrete interchangably. It is important to remember that cement is only a component of concrete and concrete is the structural material. The cement used in concrete is not used as a building material because it would be too expensive and not as strong as concrete. So when you see a parking garage, a driveway, a sidewalk or a road remember it is made of concrete, not cement. And, by the way, that funny looking truck is a concrete mixer, not a cement mixer! But, if cement is not concrete, then what is it? | |||||||||
| Cement is a general name for a material that binds other materials together. Yes, it is another name for glue. There are many materials which we would classify as cements and they are usually identified with certain uses, and can produce different types of "concrete". The type of cement used to make the riding surface of some of our roads (blacktop!) is called asphalt cement. It is a petroleum bi-product, and it binds rock into the road material we call asphaltic concrete. | |||||||||
| The structural concrete used in bridges and dams and other types of road surfaces is made from Portland cement. This cement binds the rock (also called aggregate) together to form concrete. Portland cement is a mixture of processed limestone, shales, and clays which contain the following compounds: CaO (lime), Al2O3 (Alumina),SiO2(silica) and iron oxides. Properties of the cement will vary depending on the relative amounts of these compounds. |  | ||||||||
Adding water to the dry cement starts a chemical reaction (hydration). While the mixture of cement, water, and rock is fluid, it can be poured into molds (called formwork) of arbitrary shape. This is a valuable property of concrete which allows us to build dams with the many different shapes which you saw in the history of dams. The compound gradually hardens into the desired final shape.The water/cement ratio (w/c) of the mixture has the most control over the final properties of the concrete. The water/cement ratio is the relative weight of the water to the cement in the mixture. The water/cement ratio is a design criterion for the engineer. Selection of a w/c ratio gives the engineer control over two opposing, yet desirable properties: strength and workability. A mixture with a high w/c will be more workable than a mixture with a low w/c: it will flow easier. But the less workable the mixture, the stronger the concrete will be. The engineer must decide what ratio will give the best result for the given situation. This is not an entirely free choice because the water/cement ratio needs to be about 0.25 to complete the hydration reaction. Typical values of w/c are between 0.35 and 0.40 because they give a good amount of workability without sacrificing a lot of strength. | |||||||||
 | The other important component for strength is the aggregate, the rock that is being bound by the hardened cement. Aggregate is what makes the difference between hardened cement and the structual material, concrete. Aggregate increases the strength of concrete and is a fundamental economical factor because it takes up a large volume of the concrete and is much less expensive than an equivlant volume of cement. To make very strong concrete requires a low w/c and strong aggregate. There might be thousands or millions of tons of cement and aggregate in a large dam. Finding the aggregate for the dam, and transporting it and the cement to the dam site are important societal factors. | ||||||||
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CONCRETE
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